John Herbert Nichols Papers, 1908-1974
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Administrative/Biographical History
John Herbert Nichols, physical educator, athletic administrator, camp owner and director, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, January 13, 1890. His father, the Rev. John Richard Nichols (1854-1932) was an Oberlin graduate (A.B. 1879, B.D. 1883, honorary D.D. 1922) and a trustee of Marietta College. His mother Nellie Hawley (1855-1927) also attended Oberlin College (1875-80) and took classes in the Conservatory of Music (1875-77).
Nichols spent most of his early years in Marietta, Ohio where he developed his love of sports and the out-of-doors. He was so adept at sports that he played for the Marietta College basketball and football teams while still a high school student in the Marietta Academy. At Oberlin College he continued his interest in sports, earning nine athletic letters and serving as captain of the baseball and basketball teams. Twice he was named to the all-Ohio football and basketball teams. After graduating in 1911, he remained at Oberlin for a year with a faculty appointment to coach and teach physical education classes along with his classmate Glen "Crip" Gray (1887-1921).
Nichols received his M.D. degree from Rush Medical College at the University of Chicago in 1916. While there he became acquainted with head football coach Amos Alonzo Stagg (1862-1965, honorary A.M. Oberlin 1923) and helped to officiate scrimmages for Stagg. At Stagg's urging Nichols became an official in the Big Ten. For the next 23 years he was one of the Midwest's outstanding referees in football, officiating more than 250 Big Ten games. He also refereed basketball games for 15 years. In 1924, he was an official at the dedication of the Illinois Memorial Stadium when Red Grange scored four touchdowns in the first 12 minutes. He wrote a series of articles on football officiating which were syndicated by Scripps-Howard in the late 1920s.
Following graduation from medical school in 1916, Dr. Nichols became medical examiner and head of the physical education division at Ohio State University under Lynn W. St. John, director of athletics. Interrupted only by service as a medical corpsman for a year and a half during World War I, Dr. Nichols' tenure at Ohio State was a fruitful one. He succeeded in changing physical education from mass calisthenics to an elective program. Under his direction Ohio State began granting academic credit for physical education and a physical education major was established. Nichols was also a leader in efforts to make physical education compulsory in Ohio public schools, after noting an alarming incidence of defects from a lack of exercise in medical examinations he conducted on matriculating freshman. A bill mandating physical education in public schools was adopted into law in 1923.
In 1928, at the urging of athletic director C.W. Savage (1869-1957) and Whitelaw Morrison (1886-1959), director of physical education, Nichols returned to Oberlin College. He broadened the intramural sports program at the College and developed a student managerial system, an awards system, and an annual Intramural Festival. When C.W. Savage retired in 1935, Nichols succeeded him as athletic director. Commercialism was kept in check by his insistence that athletics be financed out of the regular college budget, by carefully controlling recruiting and denying athletic scholarships. He was also a leader in the Ohio Athletic Conference and the National Collegiate Athletic Association, and contributed more than 100 articles to professional and lay journals. In 1955 he retired from Oberlin College after serving as the first combined director of athletics and chairman of the physical education department.
Dr. Nichols was also associated with Camp Pemigewassett in Wentworth, New Hampshire. His affiliation began in 1910 when he became a camp counselor. The camp was established in 1908 by three Oberlin graduates, all recipients of the M.D. degree from Columbia; Edwin Fauver (A.B. 1899, 1875-1949), Edgar Fauver (A.B. 1899, 1875-1946), and Dudley B. Reed (A.B. 1903, 1878-1955). Nichols joined them as a part owner in 1920, and the group became known as "the Four Docs." The Four Docs were assisted by their spouses, all Oberlin graduates, who unofficially helped out at camp. [Nichols' first wife, Louise Allen (A.B. 1911, b.1888) died in 1955. In 1958 he married Catherine Fifield Burtt (A.B. 1914, 1892-1989)].
Camp Pemigewassett emphasized sports, nature study, shop, art and music. From 1908 to 1957 its enrollment grew from 15 boys to 160 and its staff in later years numbered in the 60s. It was considered to be one of the best camps of its kind in the nation. Many Oberlin graduates were campers or counselors at Camp Pemigewassett. Among the former counselors are Erwin Griswold (A.B. 1925), Robert Kretchmar (A.B. 1940), Bob Burnham (A.B. 1952), Norman C. Craig (A.B. 1953), and Fred D. Shults (A.B. 1954).
In 1970 Camp Pemigewassett honored Dr. Nichols for his 60 year membership on the camp staff. Oberlin College honored him by naming the gateway to the athletic fields "Nichols Gateway" in 1955. Dr. Nichols died in Oberlin in 1979.
A photograph and biographical information about John H. Nichols are included in the digital collection “Oberlin College and Military Service in World War I,” presented by the Oberlin College Archives.
Sources Consulted
Tong, Curtis W., "Physical Education's Unsung Hero," Oberlin Alumni Magazine, May/June 1975
Nichols Obituary, Cleveland Plain Dealer November 6, 1979
Nichols Obituary, Oberlin News Tribune November 8, 1979
Staff and Alumni Files, Record Group 28, Oberlin College Archives
Author: Brian A. Williams Forms of Material (links to similar genres) Administrative InformationFor related material on physical education at Oberlin College the researcher is advised to consult the following collections: Records of the Oberlin College Physical Education Department (9/6); "John Herbert Nichols, M.D.: A Life of Leadership in Physical Education and Athletics," Ph.D. dissertation (Ohio State) by Curtis W. Tong (in the College Library).
For material related to Camp Pemigewassett the researcher is advised to consult the following collections: Alumni Files of Dudley B. Reed and John Herbert Nichols (RG 28).
The papers of John Herbert Nichols consist mainly of the files of Camp Pemigewassett. The documentation covers his career as a counselor, owner and director from 1933 to 1963, although items as early as 1908 and as late as 1974 are included in the collection. In addition to the camp material the papers include biographical files and records documenting his military service and interest in Oberlin community activities. The records are divided into two subgroups designed to reflect the discrete nature of the material. Subgroup I consists of Nichols' personal papers which indicate several of his interests and activities. Subgroup II is comprised entirely of his Camp Pemigewassett administrative files. There are virtually no records in his papers relating to his professional career as a physical educator, administrator, or referee for collegiate sports.
The four series used in subgroup I provide a rough outline of his life which proceeds in chronological order. The biographical file, which includes a sporadic sampling of his published writings and talks, aids in completing the over-all picture of his life. The biographical file includes numerous versions of bibliographies of his writings and resumes. Portions of his collection are illuminated when viewed in the context of his lifetime achievements.
The second series is comprised of notes and printed reference articles from Nichols' medical training in the mid-1910s at Rush Medical School at the University of Chicago. His notes, both typescript and longhand offer a comprehensive account of what it was like to study in medical school during this period. The typescript notes are particularly useful in reconstructing the gist of the lectures delivered by the faculty. Documents on medical licensing, and a few articles excerpted from medical journals, complete the picture of medical training. Unfortunately there is no documentation on Nichols' officiating for Amos Alonzo Stagg or his contact with Dudley B. Reed while a student.
Military service records collected by Nichols during his tenure as a civilian consultant planning athletic programs for a soon-to-be-demobilized military offer a glimpse into the intricacies and bureaucracies of the government in the months before the end of World War II. Records include field guides for officers, policy manuals, and government information stressing the impact of morale on the troops. A few notes made by Nichols for presentations he gave aid in deciphering his role in the planning process.
The final series in the first subgroup documents his interest in Oberlin community, and his involvement in a number of civic enterprises. Agencies represented include the Allen Memorial Hospital, Oberlin Chamber of Commerce, the Oberlin branch of the American Red Cross, and Oberlin United Appeal and Welfare Council. Included are minutes, reports and memorandum.
The files of Camp Pemigewassett comprise the second subgroup and account for the bulk of the collection. The files of the camp span from 1908 to 1974, with the bulk of the material falling into the twenty-five year period from 1933 to 1959. The records of Nichols' involvement with the camp prior to 1933 do not appear to be extant. By far the most significant part of the collection is the camp correspondence. The correspondence illustrates the relationship of the camp directors, the recruitment of campers and counselors, interaction with parents regarding their sons, and the general administration of such an enterprise. The correspondence, when viewed in the context of the other documentation, namely applications, counselor contracts and reports, printed material, and visual material, provides a dramatic portrayal of life at one of the nation's leading summer camps.
Applications to summer camp roughly cover the period from 1944 to 1961. The applications include biographical information such as birth date, parents, and special interests. Related correspondence found with the applications or in the correspondence series further illuminates the recruitment and retention of campers. Camp Pemigewassett built up a steady and loyal contingent of second and third generation campers, and continued to foster a strong tie to Oberlin College.
Consisting of over six feet, the incoming and outgoing correspondence between the partners combines business dealings within the context of friendship. Included is a portion of their correspondence with C.L. "Stubby" Stearns who managed affairs during the off season. The general administrative correspondence is voluminous and primarily concerns interactions with parents and the recruitment of boys for camp.
Counselor records found in series 3 serve to illustrate the affiliation Camp Pemigewassett had with Oberlin College. Many of the counselors were Oberlin College students. As such many familiar names appear in the counselor applications and contracts. The correspondence with counselors shows the large number of counselors who signed on for a return engagement, indicating the popularity of the camp. The correspondence and contracts offer insight into the many different levels of counselors and their degrees of advancement. Final reports submitted by counselors evaluate the boys they shepherded through the summer.
Subject files provide evidence of the bureaucratic intricacies involved in the administration of a summer camp. Topics covered include travel arrangements to camp, Nichols' effort to get a valid medical license in New Hampshire, proposed purchases of other camps, and expressions of sympathy following the death of camp founder Edgar "Doc Gar" Fauver. An organizational chart from 1950 gives evidence of the numerous activities offered by the camp and the broad responsibilities shared by the staff.
Evidence of the scope of camp publications is given in the printed material series, which includes a scattered sampling of the material produced by the camp. Included is a 1973 brochure for the camp (some earlier brochures are to be found in the alumni files of John Herbert Nichols and Dudley Billings Reed in archive record group 28), various incarnations of the newsletter, and four editions of the camp song book. The bulk of the camp songs were authored by Dudley B. Reed, and indicate the changing emphasis across time between the version printed in 1922 and the edition printed in 1958.
The Camp Pemigewassett material concludes with visual material in a variety of formats. The visual material, which depicts the camp as well as camp life, includes motion pictures, negatives, and photographs. The camp is depicted from its founding in 1908 through approximately 1965, although the majority of the items cover the period 1935 to 1950. Photographs and negatives are roughly sorted in categories, and include picture of camp life, camp personnel, and the founders of Camp Pemigewassett. The 16mm motion pictures are from the late 1940s and were used as publicity to be mailed to prospective parents who requested the film. The films were also shown at camp reunions in cities throughout the Midwest and at other presentations about the camp.
SUBGROUP AND SERIES DESCRIPTIONS
Subgroup I. J.H. Nichols Personal Papers, 1908-65 (1.2 l.f.)
This subgroup provides only a bare bones outline of the life of John Herbert Nichols. There is little or no documentation on his professional career as a physical educator and administrator. His effort to pass compulsory public school physical education in the 1920s and his career as a collegiate official are not covered either. What is to be found here is a sampling of his writings and talks complete with a biographical file which offers a fuller bibliography and vita. Other records cover his medical school training, military service during World War II, and his interest in the Oberlin community. The subgroup is organized into four series: 1. biography, writings and talks; 2. medical school material; 3. military service records; and 4. Oberlin community.
Series 1. Biography, Writings and Talks, 1908-60 (0.2 l.f.)
Includes items of a general biographical nature, such as the contents of a scrapbook from his days as a student at Oberlin College, correspondence with Amos Alonzo Stagg (1862-1965), and a file of resumes, brief biographies, and press releases. Writings and talks contains a random sampling of his work on physical education, athletics, and camping.
Series 2. Medical School Material, 1914-16 (0.4 l.f.)
Consists of a fairly complete set of Nichols' notes and printed reference materials from medical courses taken as a student in Rush Medical School at the University of Chicago. Included are notes from courses on bacteriology, diagnostic methods, gynecology, and zoology. The notes taken as a whole offer tremendous insight into the nature of medical education in the years following the outbreak of World War I.
Series 3. Military Service Records, 1945 (0.4 l.f.)
Documents relating to Nichols' stint as a civilian consultant for the military are located here. In 1945 Nichols was selected by the U.S. Army to help plan an athletic program for the military as it prepared for demobilization. Field guides, equipment requisition forms, policies and procedures, and morale control manuals are all part of this series. A document prepared in 1945 outlines Nichols' World War I service with the Medical Corps. Material arranged as it was retained by Nichols.
Series 4. Oberlin Community, 1951-65 (0.2 l.f.)
Documented here is Nichols' participation in Oberlin community programs. The majority of the materials found here cover the period following his retirement from Oberlin College, and include the Allen Memorial Hospital, The Oberlin Branch of the Red Cross, Oberlin Chamber of Commerce, and the Oberlin United Appeal Welfare Council. Documents from these organizations and programs include rosters, minutes, charters and reports. Files are alphabetically arranged.
Subgroup II. Camp Pemigewassett Records, 1908-1974 (10.8 l.f.)
Subgroup II, Camp Pemigewassett Records contains the bulk of the collection. Included in the six series is correspondence between the directors, correspondence with parents, applications for camp, correspondence with camp counselors, song books, motion pictures and photographs. The six series are as follows: 1. Applications; 2. Correspondence; 3. Counselor Records; 4. Subject Files; 5. Printed Material and 6. Visual Material. The series are arranged alphabetically, within the series chronological and alphabetical.
Series 1. Applications, 1944-49, 1952-61 (0.8 l.f.)
Consists exclusively of applications and related documentation for admission to Camp Pemigewassett. The application forms contain biographical information such as date of birth, parents, references, health, special interests and other remarks. The applications are arranged by year, and generally alphabetical within each folder.
Series 2. Correspondence, 1933-37, 1939-63, 1971 (6.0 l.f.)
The largest portion of the Camp Pemigewassett records, the correspondence series contains correspondence between camp directors, camp administrators and parents, as well as potential applicants for employment or camp vacancies. Correspondence for the year 1938 is missing, as well as all correspondence prior to 1933. This series documents well the relationship between the camp directors, and their concern given to parents regarding the care of their sons. Correspondence is arranged chronologically within two subgroups: 1. Correspondence between camp directors, and 2. General administrative correspondence.
Series 3. Counselor Records, 1946-62 (1.25 l.f.)
Consists of the documents pertaining to the recruitment, selection, and training of camp counselors. Included are applications, contracts, correspondence, cabin assignments, and counselor evaluations (final reports) on campers. Files are arranged alphabetically by type of material.
Series 4. Subject Files, 1938-57 (0.4 l.f.)
Comprised of files relating to specific topics affecting or relating to Camp Pemigewassett. Among the subjects covered are the death of camp founder Edgar "Doc Gar" Fauver, an effort to build and endow a camp library, transportation arrangements to camp, and plans for a 50th anniversary celebration.
Series 5. Printed Material, 1918, 1922, 1929, 1941, 1951-62, 1973, 1974 (0.2 l.f.)
Contains a complete run of camp song books, and a sampling of other camp publications, including the camp newsletter, a brochure, and a journal of camp writings and humor, Pemigewassett Bean Soup. The printed material series is far from complete, but does offer a glimpse into the type and nature of publications produced by the camp.
Series 6. Visual Material, 1908-1965 (2.15 l.f.)
Includes a variety of formats, all depicting images of Camp Pemigewassett. The material is arranged in subseries by format and includes: 1. motion pictures, 2. negatives, and 3. photographs. The materials were apparently produced for publicity purposes. The motion pictures are 16mm films which begin in black and white, and change into color. These films were sent to prospective parents to view before sending their children to Camp Pemigewassett. The motion pictures were apparently created in the 1940s. The nearly 400 negatives are grouped roughly by subject under such titles as nature, archery, and swimming. The negatives are undated and do not fully correspond with the existing photographs. The approximate time frame is the late 1920s to the early 1950s. The photographic holdings include individual and group shots from 1908 to about 1965. Approximately 200 images are included in the collection.